Classification
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Rhombifera
Order: Glyptocystitida Bather, 1899
Cincinnatian Families: Cheirocrinidae

Classification
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class:Crinoidea
Order: Monobathrida
Family: Glyptocrinidae
Genus: Pycnocrinus Miller, 1883
Cincinnatian Species: Pycnocrinus dyeri

Classification
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Crinoidea
Holdfast
Genus: Lichenocrinus
Species: Lichenocrinus crateriformis (Hall, 1866)

• Crater plates polygonal, irregular in size.
• Pentagonal column occupies about one-third the crater area
• Body plates are flat or slightly convex, pentagonal and hexagonal, nearly uniform in size and arranged in alternating series

Faber (1929):

• Basal body small, depressed convex with a comparatively large crater; crater plates polygonal, somewhat irregular in size and arranged in one or two series. The small pentagonal column occupies about one-third the crater area. The body plates are flat or slightly convex, pentagonal and hexagonal, nearly uniform in size and arranged in alternating series; 2 to 3 plates can be counted along a radius from the crater to the margin. A few small plates are seen at the margin.

Cumings (1908):

• “Body small, distinctly subpentagonal, subdiscoid, with an elevated margin and strongly depressed center; composed of medium-sized polygonal plates. Proboscis minute, central. This species differs from the preceding [L. dyeri] in its more elevated margin, and in the absence of the five prominences of the disc; the proboscis is much smaller in proportion to the size of the body, and the whole is composed of a smaller number of larger sized plates.”-Hall, loc. cit.

Meek (1873):

• Body discoid, with a sub-pentagonal or nearly circular outline; elevated and rounded near the margin, and broadly and distinctly concave in the middle; composed of alternating ranges of moderate sized, generally hexagonal smooth plates as wide as long, around the convex outer part, and of much smaller pieces within the central concavity, that diminish in size inward to the base of the central appendage; internal rays slender, about one hundred, only a few of which quite reach the central point, the others ending at different and somewhat regularly arranged distances in from the periphery. Column-like appendage very long, slender, and tapering very gradually through its whole length, so as to end in an extremely slender mucronate point at the free extremity; more or less distinctly pentagonal, and composed of about five equal ranges of small, regularly and alternately arranged, interlocking pieces; but gradually becoming more rounded, with the pieces nearly or quite opposite, farther from the body: perforation small and pentagonal.
• Diameter of the largest specimen seen, 0.35 inch, with a concavity of 0.08 inch. Diameter of another individual with a portion of the column attached, 0.15 inch; height of do., 0.05 inch; thickness of column-like appendage, near body, 0.04 inch; length of same to the broken free end, nearly three inches, with a diameter at same of 0.02 inch.

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• Bowl shaped calyx below secondary radials, which number 12-15
• No tertiary or intertertiary areas, and the arms bifurcate and become free at the top of the vault.
• Strong ridge arises from the second secondary radial, passing upward across the interradial plates
• Azygous area similar to that of G. decadactylus

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Holland (2013):

• Twenty arms on semi-globular calyx with stellate plates.

Fossil Crinoids (1999):

• Pycnocrinus dyeri has a distally coiled stem that was used as an attachment around bryozoans or other erect crinoid stems. The column is composed of circular columnals with nodals separated by varying numbers of internodals. The calyx has a high bowl shape and is distinguished by a median ridge along each ray and a star-shaped ridge pattern on interradial plates. The second primibrachial is axillary, but the fixed brachials do not divide again. The arms become free after six or seven secundibrachials, and after another three or four free secundibrachials, the arms divide again. Fixed pinnules are incorporated into the interradial areas, and the free arms are biserial with long, delicate pinnules.

Fossils of Ohio (1996):

• The calyx of Pycnocrinus dyeri has plates of subequal size both in the rays and in the interradial areas. Stellate ridges characterize all calyx plates, and the circlet of radial plates is not interrupted int eh posterior. Free arms branch and have uniserial brachials. Columnals are circular. This species typically has been assigned to the genus Glyptocrinus (for example, see Davis, 1985). However, because this species has 10 free arms that branch once immediately after the arms become free, it is more properly assigned to Pycnocrinus.

James (1897):

• Body globular, sub-turbinate, wider than high, with sides rounding under the base; under-basals obsolete, or if present not exposed externally; basals very small and projecting as a thin rim below, much wider than high, and trigonal in general outline, with the lateral angles minutely truncated; first radials of moderate size, heptagonal, wider than long; second and third a little smaller, the second being hexagonal and the third pentagonal, and supporting on its superior sloping sides the first divisions of the rows; secondary radials 8 to 11 in number, rapidly diminishing in length upward to the second bifurcation or commencement of the arms just below where a few of the smaller pieces seem to be free and bear pinnules on their inner sides; further down the second and fourth secondary radials of each ray give off, alternately on each side, small divisions that do not become free, giving rise to pinnules at the summit of the body; anal area a little wider than the interradial areas; first anal plate of about the same size as the first radials, hexagonal, and supporting in the next range 3 pieces arranged with the middle one higher than the others; while above these 3 smaller pieces can be seen arranged in the same way in the third range and 3 to 4 or 5 in the fourth; the middle plates of this series form a direct vertical row that has a rather prominent mesial, rounded ridge extending all the way up from the middle of the lowest pieces of about the same size as those passing up the primary and secondary radial series, while the other plates on each side and other parts of the lowest pieces are ornamented with radiating costae of smaller size, like those of the interradial pieces; interradial areas, not excavated below, but becoming moderately concave above; first interradial pieces about the size of the second primary radials, hexagonal, and supporting 2 other smaller pieces in the next range, that bear between their superior sloping sides a fourth smaller piece; while above this there are two pieces in the next range that connect with the pieces of the little lateral division of the secondary radials, and perhaps some other small intercalated pieces, filing the upper part of the interradial areas; auxiliary areas flat, and each occupied by an hexagonal or heptagonal piece about the size of the second piece of each secondary radial, while the space above is occupied by several much smaller pieces; arms 20, 4 to each ray, rounded on the dorsal side, slender, of moderate length, very gradually tapering, simple, and composed of very short, slightly wedge-form pieces, each of which bears a pinnule at its inner lateral end; pinnules slender, rather closely arranged, deeply furrowed on the inner side and apparently composed of rather long joints; surface of the body plates all ornamented with distinct radiating costae, starting from the center of each piece, and passing, one to each of its sides, so as to connect with others on each contiguous piece; of these costae those passing up the middle of each of the radial series are a little larger and more prominent than those of the interradial plates, while they bifurcate with the rays so as to send a division up each of the secondary radial series, toward the upper part of which they become more prominent and rounded, being those about the size of the free arms.

Meek (1871):

• Body globular-subturbinate, being wider than high, with sides rounding under to the base. Sub-basal pieces obsolete, or, if present, not exposed externally. Basal pieces (subradials of some) very small, and projecting as a thin rim below, much wider than high, and presenting a trigonal general outline, though the lateral angles are doubtless minutely truncated. First radial pieces of moderate size, heptagonal in form, and wider than long; second and third a little smaller, the second being hexagonal, and the third pentagonal, and supporting on its superior sloping sides the first division of rays. Secondary radial or supraradial series each composed of from eight to eleven pieces, rapidly diminishing in length upward to the second bifurcation or commencement of the arms, just below which a few of the smaller pieces seem to be free and bear pinnulae on their inner sides; farther down, the second and fourth secondary radials of each ray give off, alternately on each side, small divisions that do not become free, but are soldered into the interradial walls, though they can be traced to the summit of the body, where they merely give origin to pinnules.
• Anal area a little wider than the interradial areas. First anal plate of about the same size as the first radials, hexagonal in form, and supporting in the next range three pieces, arranged with the middle one higher than the others; while, above these, three smaller pieces can be seen arranged in the same way in the third range, and three to four or five in the fourth, which is as far up as they can be traced. The middle plates of this series form a direct vertical row, that have a rather prominent mesial, rounded ridge extending all the way up from the middle of the lowest piece, of about the same size as those passing up the primary and secondary radial series, while the other plates on each side and other parts of the lowest pieces are ornamented with radiating costae of smaller size, like those on the interradial pieces.
• Interradial areas not excavated below, but becoming moderately concave above; first interradial pieces of about the size of the second primary radials, hexagonal in form, and supporting two other somewhat smaller pieces in the next range, that bear between their superior sloping sides a fourth smaller piece, while above these there are two pieces in the next range that connect with the pieces of the little lateral divisions of the secondary radials, and perhaps some other small intercalated pieces filling the upper part of the interradial areas.
• Axillary areas flat, and each occupied below by a hexagonal or heptagonal piece of about the size of the second piece of each secondary radial, while the space above is occupied by several much smaller pieces.
• Arms four to each ray, rounded on the dorsal sides, slender, of moderate length, very gradually tapering, simple, and composed of very short, slightly wedge-formed pieces, each of which bears a pinnule at its larger inner lateral end; pinnules slender, rather closely arranged, deeply furrowed on the inner side, and apparently composed of rather long joints.
• Surface of body plates all ornamented with distinct radiating costae, starting from the centre of each piece, and passing one to each of its sides so as to connect with others on each contiguous piece: of these costee, those passing up the middle of each of the radial series are a little larger and more prominent than those of the interradial plates, while they bifurcate with the rays so as to send a division up each of the secondary radial series, toward the upper part of which they become more prominent and rounded, being there of about the size of the free arms. Column unknown. Height of body, 0.60 inch; breadth, about 0.68 inch; length of arms, 1.05 inch; thickness of same, 0.05 inch; number of joints, in a space of 0.10 inch near the base, eight.
• This very beautiful species reminds one, by its sculpturing, of the common typical species G. decadactylus, from which, however, it may be at once distinguished by its proportionally broader and shorter body, with sides rounding regularly under to the column instead of being obconical. It also has proportionally more slender arms, and differs materially in having, in each secondary radial series, from nine to eleven pieces between the first bifurcation of each ray and the arm bases, instead of only two. In the form of its body, it agrees more nearly with G. ornatus of Billings; but it differs materially from that species in having twenty arms in- stead of only ten, as well as in less important details.
• The specific name is given in honor of Mr. C. B. Dyer, of Cin- cinnati, Ohio, to whom I am indebted for the use of the very fine specimens from which the description was made out.
  Locality and position.-Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian, 100 feet below tops of hills at Cincinnati, Ohio.

Miller (1883):

• G. dyeri is distinguished from G. decadactylus by having a bowl-shaped calyx below the secondary radials, and rather less prominent ridges; by having 12 to 15 by 10 secondary radials, instead of 2 by 10, and consequently increased number of intersecondary plates; the interradial and intersecondary radial areas are not so much depressed; there are no tertiary or intertertiary areas; the arms bifurcate and become free at the top of the vault. Prof. Meek said, the second and fourth secondary radial give off alternately on each side small divisions, that do not become free, but are soldered into the interradial walls, though they can be traced to the summit of the body, where they merely give origin to pinnules.” This was a mistake. Quite a strong ridge arises from the second secondary radial, and passes upward across the interradial plates, gradually diminishing in size and disappearing at the plates of the vault; a similar, smaller ridge arises from the fourth secondary radial, and passes upward across the interradial area. These ridges appear to have been supports to the interradial areas, as the central ridge in the wider azygous area seems to have been a support to it, but they are not soldered into the interradial walls any more than the ridges that ornament the surface of the plates, and produce the sculptured appearance of the calyx are soldered to the walls; nor do they support arms, or pinnules. The azygous areas in the two species are similar, and the arms in this one are a little more delicate than in G. decadactylus. The two species agree in the general characters of the column, basals, primary radials, and number of arms; but differ materially in the region of the secondary radials, though the number of secondary radials and tertiaries, forming part of the calyx in G. decadactylus, will nearly correspond with the number of secondary radials, forming part of the calyx in G. dyeri. It occurs in the middle part of the Hudson River Group, above G. decadactylus

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Classification
Phylum: Bryozoa
Class: Stenolaemata
Order: Trepostomatida
Family: Heterotrypidae
Genus: Stigmatella
Species: Stigmatella dychei

• Loosely encrusting, with thin-walled angular zooecia, a lack of mesopores, acanthopores in zones, and almost no diaphragms.

Bassler (1905):

• Both the internal and external features of this species have been figured by its author satisfactorily enough for its recognition, and additional illustrations of the internal structure are given here only to bring out points mentioned by James nor shown in his figures.
• The zoarium is an expansion loosely incrusting crinoid columns and sometimes attains considerable size, the type specimen being about 180 mm. in length and varying from a minimum diameter of 5 mm. at the ends to a maximum of 60 mm.
• In vertical sections, the noticeable features are the almost complete absence of diaphragms and the development of the acanthopores in zones, the latter feature in combination with the former being the principal characteristic of the genus Stigmatella. Tangential sections passing through one of these zones of acanthopores exhibit these structures of a fair size at the zooecial angles, but a section through any other part of the zoarium shows thinner-walled zooecia with the acanthopores either very small or not present at all.
• The loosely incrusting method of growth, thin-walled angular zooecia with mesopores practically wanting, the development of acanthopores in zones and the almost entire absence of diaphragms are characters causing this species to be easily recognized. S. clavis (Ulrich), a common and highly characteristic fossil of the Eden shales, also grows on crinoid columns, but it can not be confused with S. dychei, its zoaria being much smaller and the surface nearly always spinulose.

James (1876):

• Corallum sub-fusiform in outline, parasitic on a crinoid column, with rough, nodular swellings, low ridges, and annular constrictions. Surface with slightly raised, rounded monticules, irregularly distributed over the surface and occupied by calices slightly larger than the average. Calices polygonal; walls of cells thin and sharp; interstitial tubes wanting.
• Obs. – This species is one easily recognized by the peculiar form, and its place of growth. The crinoid stem upon which the corallum grows is easily seen at either end. The type specimen is seven inches long, and tapers both ways from a diameter of two inches to little more than the size of the crinoid stem.

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Classification
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Crinoidea
Holdfast
Genus: Lichenocrinus
Species: Lichenocrinus tuberculatus (Miller)

• Basal body, highly convex, crater comparatively small and shallow to moderately deep. Circular in outline.
• Crater plates, smooth, flat, polygonal, irregular in size and shape. Arranged in two series, the one nearest the column being composed of smaller plates than the other.
• Interior filled with upright lamelliform plates, radiating from a central point.
• Distinguished from L. crateriformis by its tuberculated plates, more abrupt central depression, and greater uniformity in the size of its plates”

• Crinoid base. One of many Richmondian species, this form has many rounded, nodose plates. Waynesville through Elkhorn.

Faber(1929):

• Basal body, usually highly convex, crater comparatively small and shallow to moderately deep. Crater plates, smooth, flat, polygonal, irregular in size and shape; they are arranged in two series, the one nearest the column being composed of smaller plates than the other. The pentagonal column, occupying about half the entire crater area, is composed of thin alternating plates, five of which form a columnal. The body plates are numerous, 5-6 in the space of 3 mm. in Miller’s type and 6-7 in the space of 5 mm. In individual specimens they are nearly uniform in size from the crater to the margin and range from quadrangular to octagonal, though generally from pentagonal to hexagonal; five to six plates can be counted along a radius from the crater to the margin. The plates bear low rounded to high conical tubercles, in some cases surrounded by incised lines parallel to the margins of the plates. Miller’s cotype, a free specimen, has two series of rim plates; the arch plate is revealed near the margin where several body plates are removed.

Miller (1874):

• “Body discoidal, circular in outline; lower surface or surface of attachment, flat, or conforming to the surface to which it is attached; upper surface strongly convex or subhemispheric, with a deep circular depression in the central part, around the column; upper surface of body composed of numerous, irregularly arranged, thin, pentagonal or hexagonal plates, nearly uniform in size, smooth on the underside and highly convex or tuberculated on the outer surface. Excluding the plates immediately surrounding the column, within the central depression, which are much smaller than the others, the remainder will number about one hundred. Interior filled with upright lamelliform plates, radiating from a central point, on which the exterior plates appear to repose.
  Column pentagonal, length unknown. It is distinguished from L. crateriformis, which species it most resembles, by its tuberculated plates. It differs, too, in its greater convexity, more abrupt central depression, and greater uniformity in the size of its plates”

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Classification
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Crinoidea
Holdfasts
Genus: Lichenocrinus (Hall, 1866)
Cincinnatian Species: Lichenocrinus crateriformis, Lichenocrinus tuberculatus

Classification
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Crinoidea
Order: Diplobathrida
Family: Reteocrinidae
Genus:Gaurocrinus
Species: Gaurocrinus nealli (Hall, 1872)

• Fixed brachials are the dominant plates of the calyx, interradial plates much smaller
• Characteristic diplobathrid infrabasal plates, and depressed interradial areas
• Branching free arms numering 20, long.
• Columnals pentagonal
• Prominent ray ridges on calyx

• Prominent ray ridges on calyx; pentagonal stem.

Davis (1998) :

• Crinoid. delicate crown, showing small calyx, and long, thin arms with pinnules attached. Specimen turned slightly from upright position. Waynesville and Liberty.

Fossils of Ohio (1996):

• Calyx composed of fixed brachials, interradicals, radials, basals and infrabasals (order Diplobathrida); radials and fixed brachials dominant plates on calyx and much larger than interradial plates; interradial areas depressed; radial-plate circlet interrupted by extra plate in posterior; free arms branched; brachials uniserial; columnals pentagonal.
• The radials and fixed brachials are the dominant plates of the calyx, and the interradial plates are much smaller. Other distinguishing features of Gaurocrinus nealli include characteristic diplobathrid infrabasal plates, depressed interradial areas, a radial-plate circlet interrupted by an extra plate in the posterior (CD interray), branching free arms and pentagonal columnals.

Broadhead (1987):

• Internal grooves upon the proximal arm plates of specimens of Gaurocrinus nealli suggest that the nervous system radiating upward from the aboral nerve center continued to follow the proximal, fixed pattern of arm branches extending into the free arms.

Miller (1883):

• Column sharply pentagonal, and composed of alternating thin and thicker plates. Basals, small, pentagonal, presenting a low triangular face on the exterior, slightly truncated at the lateral angles, and not interfering with the pentalobate character of the calyx when viewed from below. Subradials about as wide as high, except the one on the azygous side, which is longer than wide; each bears a semi-cylindrical three-rayed ridge, highest in the central part, and sending one arm below to meet the angle of the column, and one to each of the adjoining radials to meet corresponding ridges, except as to the azygous subradial, which bears an additional depressed semi-cylindrical ridge extending upward to the superior truncated side. Primary radials, three in each series, except the left posterior ray which has only two. The first and last are pentagonal, and of almost the same size, form and ornamentation, so that by reversing ends they would nearly fill each other’s places. Secondary radials, twelve to about sixteen in each series. The second one gives off a ridge that strengthens the interradial areas. Azygous area covered by more than fifty plates, the middle row being larger and more prominent than the others up to about the sixth plate. Arms, twenty. Pinnules long. It occurs in the upper part of the Hudson River Group.

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Classification
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Crinoidea
Order: Diplobathrida
Family: Reteocrinidae
Genus: Gaurocrinus Miller, 1883
Cincinnatian Species: Gaurocrinus nealli

Classification
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Crinoidea
Order: Diplobathrida
Family: Reteocrinidae (Wachsmuth & Springer, 1885)
Cincinnatian Genera: Gaurocrinus